Science

Physicists find atomic nucleus with a ‘bubble’ in the middle

Kashmir

 geographical region of South Asia. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only thevalley between the Great Himalayas and thePir Panjal mountain range. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir (subdivided into Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh divisions), the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmirand Gilgit-Baltistan, and Chinese-administered territories of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.^[1][2][3]

In the first half of the 1st millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hindusim and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivismarose.^[4] In 1339, Shah Mir became the firstMuslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating theSalatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty.^[5] For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1586 until 1751, and the AfghanDurrani Empire, which ruled from 1751 until 1820.^[5] That year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir.^[5] In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state of theBritish Indian Empire became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.^[1][2]

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